Islams gyldne alder grundstødte på islam
Obama sagde i sin Kairotale i 2009
It was Islam that carried the light of learning through so many centuries, paving the way for Europe’s Renaissance and Enlightenment. It was innovation in Muslim communities that developed the order of algebra; our magnetic compass and tools of navigation; our mastery of pens and printing; our understanding of how disease spreads and how it can be healed.
Med jævne mellemrum, skal islams anseelse have lidt kunstig åndedræt med et tilbageblik på historien. Tanken er, at hvis man kan finde et enkelt lyspunkt der, se er mørket en forbigående anomali. Weekendavisen skrev i den tradition om “Islams gyldne alder” og indleder klassisk
Forskningen i den arabisk-islamiske verden nåede sit højdepunkt mellem det ottende og 12. århundrede, men siden gik den i stå. En Harvard-økonom forsøger at kaste lys over årsagerne.
Den moderne naturvidenskab blev udviklet i det kristne Europa, og i dag forbinder vi de store gennembrud med navne som Kopernikus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo og Newton. I mange århundreder forinden foregik der imidlertid en omfattende videnskabelig produktion i muslimsk dominerede lande især inden for fag som astronomi, optik, matematik og medicin.
Nogle af de store forskere her var Alhazen (965-1040), der især er kendt for studier i astronomi og optik, Avicenna (980-1037), hvis bøger om medicin blev brugt i mange århundreder, og al-Tusi (1201-1274), som udarbejdede en ny model for planeternes bevægelse.
I eftertiden er perioden ligefrem blevet omtalt som islams gyldne alder, som cirka varede fra det ottende til det 12. århundrede, og mange af de arabiske værker blev siden oversat til latin og kom derfor til at bidrage til den videnskabelige udvikling i Europa.
Fra det 13. århundrede gik det imidertid hurtigt tilbage for videnskaben i de arabiske og islamiske civilisationer, og talrige forskere har siden forsøgt at finde en forklaring på den overraskende udvikling.
Spørgsmålet om hvorvidt der var en omfattende videnskabelig produktion i den arabisk-islamiske verden eller om det var en omfattende videnskabelig produktion i den verden islam havde underlagt sig stilles ikke. Men eksterne faktorer, som korstog, kolonialisme og mongolsk invasion fejes af banen, da ingen af disse “grundlæggende ændrede på de islamiske strukturer” og “Den arabisk/islamiske civilisation var således relativt uforstyrret, indtil Napoleon invaderede Egypten i 1798″. Flasken peger på….
Men det er vi jo ikke så glade for, så vægtningen af ord bliver afgørende, hvis man skal have lidt positivt spin
Blandt de indre faktorer er ændringer i de interne magtforhold, især den såkaldt sunnimuslimske vækkelse, som indledtes i det 11. århundrede, hvor sunnimuslimer, deriblandt tyrkiske seldsjukker, overtog den politiske magt i store dele af Persien og Forasien. Det førte til, at en mere ortodoks udgave af islam blev fremherskende, hvor filosofi og videnskab blev nedprioriteret eller ligefrem betragtet med fjendtlighed, og hvor institutioner, der havde beskæftiget sig med forskning, blev erstattet af madrassaer med hovedvægt på studier af islam og sharia. Islamiske teologer promoverede det synspunkt, at hverken menneskelig fornuft eller logiske argumenter kunne være en kilde til nye indsigter.
En undtagelse var dele af astronomien, hvor det af religiøse hensyn var vigtigt at fastlægge Månekalenderen samt at kunne bestemme retningen til Mekka fra alle steder.
90% af verdens muslimer er sunnimuslimer, så når deres vækkelse angives som årsag til islams antividenskabelige indstilling, har man de facto sagt at islam er årsagen til islams formørkelse. Og det hjælper ikke på sagen at man glemmer at forklare, hvorfor også den shiamuslimske verden i Persien og Indien gik i stå.
Man glemmer også at en vækkelse ikke er en anomali, men derimod et udtryk for at man ikke har taget islam alvorligt nok, som skrifterne dikterer. De dikterede meget hurtigt, den konklusion at fortolkningens porte var lukkede og det betød at “ingen beslutninger om dogmatik der træffes i dag må stride mod hvad der var fastlagt på netop dette tidspunkt”, som min ven formulerede det. I islam er der ingen vej uden om; du kan studere koranen eller tabe hovedet.
Men det er svært, når man gerne vil hjælpe den dysfunktionelle islamiske verden med at forstå at den burde kunne andet og mere produktivt end ve mellem barbari og apati. Eneste løsning er at forskyde problemet
EN anden forklaring på den videnskabelige nedgang er en øget udbredelse af islamisk mystik med sufismen. For eksempel argumenterede den persiske teolog og sufi-mystiker Ghazzali (1058-1111) meget imod brugen af årsager som forklaring i for eksempel medicin og astronomi. Når en medicin virker på bestemte sygdomme, er det således ikke på grund af medicinens egenskaber, men alene fordi Allah ønsker, at den skal virke, og den virker derfor også kun, såfremt det er Allahs ønske.
En sådan afvisning af det empiriske grundlag er naturligvis ødelæggende for udviklingen af naturvidenskab, og Chaneys analyse viser også, at der sker en øget produktion af bøger om mystik i det 12. århundrede. Han mener dog, at den øgede udbredelse af sufisme snarere er et resultat af ændringerne i de religiøse magtforhold end en selvstændig årsag til nedgangen i den videnskabelige produktion.
Chaneys analyse støtter således teorien om, at når den arabisk-islamiske verden vendte sig fra videnskaben, så var det hovedsagelig et resultat af de religiøse lederes modvilje mod naturvidenskabelige studier og forbud mod teknologiske fremskridt som for eksempel bogtrykkerkunsten.
Det er Ghazzali og de få andre sufister, der er afskyet af sunnimuslimerne i øvrigt, der sammen med islamiske teologer bærer ansvaret for deres argumenter og udlæggelser af islam. Islam selv går fri. Teologer og sufister har ikke læst noget ud af teksterne, men har istedet, med en muslimsk frase, byttet om på ordene, eller i hvert fald bøjet islam efter sin vilje. Muslimerne har taget helt fejl og jo mere, jo længere de studerede. Det burde i sig selv kræve en voldsomt god forklaring.
Dogmet er at Allah skaber og opretholder alle begivenheder og fænomener og derfor giver det ikke mening at studere fænomener og begivenheder, men kun Allah, som han fremstår i islams skrifter. David Wood gav en fremragende forklaring på hvor frygteligt det er for muslimer at Allahs beslutninger er så arbitrære at selv ikke Muhammed, vidste sig sikker på at komme i det muslimske himmerige.
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